International standard for the registration of papers
with or without watermarks
This standard includes all relevant criteria for describing a sheet of paper with or without watermarks, in spite of its origin or age. Not all data have to be registered; the MUST fields are marked by the sign *
Section | Code | Subcode | Description |
---|---|---|---|
3.0 | Data of the sheet | ||
3.0.0* | IDEN | Entry number of the database | |
3.0.1* | IDEN | Entry number of the database (or card index) | |
3.0.2* | INST | Whereabouts; institution operating the watermark database (in abbreviated form, e.g. FPBN = Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale). IPH will keep a compulsory list of sub-codes (abbreviations) of all institutions operating a watermark database |
|
3.0.3* | SIGN | Identification of the original sheet: inventory or accession number, e.g. Ms. Gr. 0219 | |
3.0.4* | SUBS | Number / subunit of the original sheet, e.g. fol. 96 | |
3.0.5 | BIBL | References from a Bibliography: abbreviation of the bibliography +
number of the reference quoted If there are several references, they are separated by a numeral following the code: BIBL1, BIBL2, etc. |
|
3.0.6 | REFE | Literature references, mentioning author (with first name), title,
year, volume, page If there are several references, they are separated by a numeral following the code, e.g. REFE1, RE-FE2, etc. |
|
3.0.7 | FUNC | art dec dr graph min oth pr sec spec st wr |
Paper type (general) in accordance with the end use artist paper decorated paper* drawing or painting paper graphic paper poor quality, refuse other kinds printing paper security paper special watermarked paper (portrait, commemorative, etc.) paper embossed with a stamp writing paper * IPH will publish specifications for registration of decorated papers in a separate database |
3.0.8 | USEP | back book doc draw end env map ms mus obj oth pa paint plain shif spir subs tec wrap |
End use of paper backing paper (drawing or prints) book (printed) document drawing endpaper envelope map (geogr.) manuscript (letter, bound, notebook, loose note, score) music book, printed music paper object other end use paper art painting paper plain sheet print (work of graphic art) shifu paper spirit paper (mock money) paper imitating other kind of material technical paper (e.g. paper for gold beating) wrapping paper |
3.0.9* | STAT | F T U |
State of sheet fragment trimmed untrimmed |
3.0.10* | DIMH | Height of the sheet (in mm.) | |
3.0.11* | DIMW | Width of the sheet (in mm.) | |
3.0.12 | STAN | Allocation to a (historical/local/temporary) standard dimension with reference giving time and place of standard and the original height and width in mm (e.g. : Foolscap Folio, London 1850c., 203 x 330 (cf. Labarre Dictionary, p.259) | |
3.0.13* | COLO | C M N R S V |
Color of the sheet coloured (surface dyeing or dyed coating) marbled/decorated (all kinds) natural (uncoloured fibres) coloured (from dyed rags) coloured (stock dyeing) veined |
3.0.14 | INTS | D F L |
Intensity of the colour dark faded light (pale) |
3.0.15 | TONE | Shade, given in full | |
3.0.16 | PATT | Pattern, given in full A special, separate database for decorated papers is recommended for collections containing major lots of such papers |
|
3.0.17* | SIDE | SD SU SN |
Position of wire side wire side facing down wire side facing up facing not known It is recommended to collect data with the wire side facing down |
The following information is important especially for machine-made paper: | |||
3.0.18 | PULP | Type of raw materials used, given in full; e.g. rags of linen, linen/linters 50:50; hardwood/softwood pulp 50:50 | |
3.0.19 | FILL | Fillers, given in ful e.g. starch; china clay |
|
3.0.20 | SIZE | Type of sizing, given in full e.g. starch sizing; rosin sizing |
|
3.0.21 | SDEG | FS HS NS |
Degree of sizing full sized half sized unsized |
3.0.22 | COAT | Type of coating, given in full e.g. wheat starch; latex |
|
3.0.23 | CMOD | A D S |
Mode of coating absent double side single side |
3.0.24 | DYES | Dyestuffs used, given in full; if possible, in accordance with the Colour Index | |
3.0.25 | ASHC | Ash content (% according to DIN 54370) | |
3.0.26 | BEKK | Smoothness (index according to BEKK, DIN 53107 | |
3.0.27 | WEIG | Basis weight (weight of the sheet converted to g/m2) | |
3.0.28 | THIC | Thickness of the sheet (in µm according to DIN 53105) | |
3.0.29 | GRAD | Paper grade, given in full (according to DIN 6730; oriental papers according to local denominations) | |
3.0.30 | BRAN | Brand name, given in full, in its original spelling | |
3.0.31 | MACH | CY FO OT |
Type of paper machine used for production Cylinder (vat) machine Fourdrinier machine other types |
3.0.32 | WMOD | CL DR EMB IMP OTH |
Mechanical watermark application technique Wire (cylinder machine) Dandy roll embossed impressed (molette) other |
3.1 | Watermark data The data 3.1.1 to 3.1.12 must be described separately for each watermark or part of a combined watermark contained in one sheet. Arab numerals are then placed immediately after the codes 3.1.1 to 3.1.12, e.g. STRU1, STRU2, STRU3 |
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3.1.0* | KIND | BO C nCRN DV M N |
Kind of watermark(s) in the sheet border watermark (decoration) counter watermark corner watermark (decoration) on n corners dividing line(s) main watermark without watermark The description of several watermarks in one sheet consists of the subcodes followed by arabic numerals, e.g. KIND1 M; KIND2 C |
3.1.1* | STRU | EMB LSW LW MOL SW TL UNT |
Structure of watermark embossed watermark combined line/shadow line watermark molette watermark (impressed) shadow watermark watermark produced by thread lines false watermark (e.g. produced by printing a colourless liquid) |
3.1.2 | POSP | C D L M R U |
Position of the watermark in the sheet center lower part left part middle right part upper part Two letters may be combined, e.g. "D L" for "left lower part" |
3.1.3* | MOTI | Main motif of watermark, abbreviated, coded according to section 5.2 and appendix I
e.g. D5/2 (Eagle, double-headed) |
|
3.1.4 | CLAS | Class of watermark with subclasses, coded according to section 5 with
appendix I and , possibly, addendum 1.
If addendum 1 is not used, the elements of a composite watermark should be mentioned as in 3.1.3, separated by the sign - (and), preceded by the main watermark element, regardless of their position in the watermark, ex. D5/2 - R3/1 - M14 - R1/3 - T3/1 'Heusler' = Eagle, double headed, with crown and sword, bearing a crozier; below is the trade-mark of the Heusler family |
|
3.1.5* | FULL | Extensive description of watermark (in full) | |
3.1.6* | MESH | Height of the watermark in mm (to be measured as a rectangle parallel to the vertical axis of water-mark, using a rectangular sliding rule) |
|
3.1.7* | MESW | Width of watermark in mm (to be measured according to 3.1.6) | |
3.1.8* | POSL | Smallest horizontal distance in mm between the watermark and the nearest chain line on the left | |
3.1.9 | POSR | Smallest horizontal distance in mm between the watermark and the nearest chain line on the right | |
3.1.10 | POSB | Smallest horizontal distance in mm between the watermark and the bottom of the sheet | |
3.1.11 | POSH | Smallest horizontal distance in mm between the watermark and the top of the sheet | |
3.1.12* | POSC | Number of the compartment (counted from left to right) which is touched by the furthest left point of the watermark | |
3.1.13 | INFO | Additional information on the actual watermark, in full, e.g. 'fragment'; 'can only be registered un-completely due to the use of paper'; 'registration difficult because stuck to a backing'; assumptions as to the position of watermark in the original sheet, etc. | |
3.2 | Mould data | ||
3.2.1* | FABR | H M |
Paper production type hand-made machine-made |
3.2.2* | TYPE | B L T U W |
Paper type according to mould bamboo screen laid, vergé (Europe) textile screen not identified wove, vélin (Europe) |
3.2.3* | LLIN | Laid lines in the sheet
(number of laid lines over a distance of 20 mm, measured along the chain line to the left of water-mark or, for papers without watermark, measured three times along one of the centre chain lines, first at the bottom of the sheet, second in the middle, third at the top, to be measured even on trimmed sheets) |
|
3.2.4* | CHFI | Order of compartments in the sheet
(Width of the chain compartments in mm in order from left to right, measured in the middle of the sheet, starting with the distance from the left border to the first chain line; every number divided by a hyphen; to be measured even on trimmed sheets) Example: 4-15-20-22-20-22-23-20-14-3 |
|
3.2.5 | SHAD | BS IS MS NS |
Shadow zones zones below the chain lines irregular zones zones in the middle of the compartments without shadow zones |
3.2.6 | WIRE | Special characteristics of the mould, in full, e.g. faults in the wire, special traces | |
3.2.7 | MOUL | Access number of the mould on which the sheet was formed (in a separate mould database) | |
3.2.8 | PAIR | Access number(s) of data (in a separate mould database) of the second mould forming the pair | |
3.3 | Bibliographical / codicological data | ||
3.3.1 | AUTH | Author or editor, if there is no author (if necessary, with reference to a special database) | |
3.3.2 | ARTS | Artist (if necessary, with reference to a special database) painter, draughtsman (inv[enit], del[ineavit], pinx[it]) engraver (sculp[sit]) |
|
3.3.3 | WRIT | Writer of a manuscript | |
3.3.4 | TITL/CONT | Title of a work of art (subject), of a manuscript or printed book Summary (in full) |
|
3.3.5* | NATU | Country of use (in full + abbreviation) Historical name of the country where the paper was used, followed by the present name (abbreviated according to the international automobile code) Example: Saxony (D) |
|
3.3.6* | LOCU | Place of use (printing or writing) Name of the place where the paper was used, in local spelling or in English, followed by the histori-cal name at the time of use (if it is different) in local or Latin spelling Example: Séléstat (Schlettstadt) |
|
3.3.7 | PUBL | Publisher or Editor, in full, (if necessary with reference to a special database) | |
3.3.8 | PRNT | Printer, in full, (if necessary with reference to a special database) | |
3.3.9* | DATB | Earliest possible date of use (writing, printing, etc.) (= terminus
post quem / a quo) It is assumed that the date of use, if it is unknown, may at least be roughly estimated. Conclusions concerning the dates of use of a mould can be drawn from several sheet data and should be registered in a separate mould database relationally. Formatted as 'DATE' (DD.MM.YYYY) An exact date is recorded in 3.3.9 as well as in 3.3.10. For estimates, the 1st of January stands for the beginning of a year, the 31st of December for its end Example: DATB: 01.01.1776 DATE: 31.12.1799 stands for use in the 4th quarter of the 18th century |
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3.3.10* | DATE | Latest possible date of use (writing, printing) (= terminus ante quem) Formatted as in 3.3.9 |
|
3.3.11* | DATM | idat tdat ndat |
Kind of dating date preserved on the sheet (object) or contemporary traditional date without date; date is an estimate or deducted |
3.4 | Papermill data These data can be replaced in 3.4.4 by a reference to the relevant data set of a papermill sub-database |
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3.4.1 | NATP | Country of papermill location Formatted as in 3.3.5 (NATU) |
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3.4.2 | LOCP | Place of papermill location Formatted as in 3.3.6 (LOCU) |
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3.4.3 | MILL | Name of papermill Formatted as in 3.3.6 (LOCU) |
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3.4.4 | IMIL | Access number of papermill in the papermill sub-database | |
3.5 | Papermaker data These data can be replaced in 3.5.4 by a reference to the relevant data set of a papermaker sub-database |
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3.5.1 | MAKE | Surname of papermaker, in modern spelling, followed by different historical
spelling(s) Example: Heusler (Hüsler, Heisler) |
|
3.5.2 | FNAM | First name(s) of papermaker Formatted as in 3.5.1 |
|
3.5.3 | RANK | F M O T |
Rank of papermaker in the producing mill Fellow Master, Foreman Owner Tenant |
3.5.4 | IMAK | Access number of papermaker in the papermaker sub-database | |
3.6 | Additional criteria for the registration of Far Eastern and Arab papers without watermarks The criteria mentioned in sections 3.0 to 3.5 do not allow a comprehensive registration of Far Eastern and Arab papers. The following points have to be included as a supplement |
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3.6.1 | ASPR | Description of the surface aspect, recto, in full | |
3.6.2 | ASPV | Description of the surface aspect, verso, in full | |
3.6.3 | SPEC | Peculiarities of the sheet, in full | |
3.6.4 | ZZZZ | Y N |
Zigzag mark(s) in the sheet existing not existing |
3.6.5 | ZNUM | Number of zigzag columns | |
3.6.6 | ZZNU | Number of zigzag elements, beginning at the top | |
3.6.7 | ZHHH | Medium height of zigzag element in mm, measured at a right angle to the upper border of the sheet | |
3.6.8 | ZWWW | Medium width of zigzag element in mm, measured at a right angle to the left border of the sheet | |
3.6.9 | ZAAA | Medium angle of the oblique line of zigzag element, in degrees, measured from the lower border of the sheet | |
3.6.10 | ZDMN | Minimal depth of zigzag mark, in µ | |
3.6.11 | ZDMX | Maximal depth of zigzag mark, in µ | |
3.6.12 | ZPSD | Distance of the zigzag column(s) from the lower border of the sheet, in mm | |
3.6.13 | ZPSU | Distance of the zigzag column(s) from the upper border of the sheet, in mm | |
3.6.14 | ZPSL | Distance of the zigzag column(s) from the left border of the sheet, in mm | |
3.6.15 | ZPSR | Distance of the zigzag column(s) from the right border of the sheet, in mm | |
4 | Information about the original watermark or sheet and its reproduction
As additional information about the object data described, it is very important to know if the data have been derived from the original or from a reproduction. Also, existing reproductions of an origi-nal have to be mentioned, indicating their type and their access numbers. Since a wrong interpretation may arise if a watermark is enlarged or reduced, even when the scale is given, the reproduction should be of original size |
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4.1* | ORIG | Y N |
Data retrieved from an original or a reproduction Data from the original Data from a reproduction |
4.2 | TRAC | Hand-drawn tracing Hand-drawn tracings are generally inexact and hardly ever indicate the position of the watermark in the sheet. In those instances where rubbing, UV photography or radiography are not allowed, or are judged impractical or dangerous to the material, for the time being a practical method of reproduc-tion remains tracing, however inaccurate, using a protective film (e.g. KODATRACE) |
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4.3 | PHOT | Transparency photographs Transparency photographs often suffer because of writing or printing as well as irregularities in the sheet For this reason the following methods which provide satisfactory results are recommended: |
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4.4 | RUBB | Rubbing This method, if its application is allowed by the owner or keeper of the paper, can be used with mi-nimum effort and virtually without any technical equipment, even if the sheet has been laminated or printed/written on Materials: pencil with a soft lead (no.2) or a carpenter's pencil or a tight, slightly blackened textile ball (heelball); writing paper (unlined) or typing paper, 35 - 50 g/m2 Method: The sheet of paper being registered is placed on a hard surface, if possible with the wire side up, and the copy paper on top. Diagonal strokes are then made with the unsharpened end of the pencil or with the ball in immediate proximity to each other from upper left to bottom right over the entire surface of the suspected or visible watermark. A lightly shaded dark area is obtained in which the exact reproduction of the watermark in its original size becomes visible as pale lines. For recor-ding sections e.g. with wire faults, separate rubbings will be necessary. Reference: W. Haupt, Wasserzeichenwiedergabe in schwierigen Fällen, Maltechnik/Restauro, 1981, pp. 38-43 |
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4.5 | UVPH | UV-photography Method: The sheet is placed upon a photosensitive paper (DYLUX) and exposed to visible light (410-500 nm). Subsequently (not immediately after daylight exposure), the photosensitive paper is exposed to UV radiation (200-400 nm). For practical reasons, this order can be reversed. The UV source is a standard (portable) UV apparatus. Reference: T.L.Gravell, "A New Method of Reproducing Watermarks for Study", Restaurator 2 (1975), pp. 95-104 |
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4.6 | PHOS | Phosphorescence technique Method: A phosphorescent plate is activated by UV radiation; then the sheet is placed upon this plate and irradiated by UV and IR radiation. The plate is brought to close contact with a commercial black-and-white panchromatic film which afterwards is developed as usual. Reference: J.Siener, "Ein neues Verfahren zur Abbildung von Wasserzeichen", Gutenberg-Jahrbuch 1981, pp. 99-102 |
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4.7 | RADI | Radiography All radiographic recordings have a common advantage, that printing, writing and drawing inks are not shown and the watermark and the wire structure show up clearly. However, metallic illustrative colours (e.g. lead white, golden bronze or red lead) or sheet gold throw black shadows. We propose that each printroom or archive should provide facilities to make radiographs and also should consider registration of watermarks for part or for the whole of their collections, and make these available for use by scholars. In all radiographic recordings the safety regulations have to be observed carefully. Technically there are three types of radiographs which are all suitable for reproducing watermarks: |
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4.7.1 | SX | Soft X-ray radiography | |
4.7.2 | BETA | Beta radiography | |
4.7.3 | ELEC | Electron radiography References: - Ash, Nancy E., "Watermark research: Rembrandt prints and the development of a watermark archive", The Paper Conservator 10 (1986), pp. 64-69 - Lectures of the Symposium Zerstörungs-freie Prüfung von Kunstwerken, Berlin 1987: -- Schnitger, D. and Ziesche, E., "Elektronenradiographie von Wasserzeichen", pp. 34-42 -- Van Hugten, H., "Weichstrahlradiographie z.B. bei Papier", pp. 43-49 -- Rose, P., "Digitale Bildverarbeitung als Hilfe bei Durchstrahlungstechniken", pp. 50-60 - Schnitger, D. and Ziesche, E., "Elektronenstrahlradiographien - Beispiele zur Datierung mit Hilfe von Wasserzeichen", IPH Yearbook 7 (1988), pp. 209-223 |
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4.8 | SURF | Digitalized non-contacting thickness measuring This method, executed line after line for a whole sheet, reproduces the watermark accurately like rubbing, but can be used with special computerized apparatus only. |
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4.9 | SCAN | Scanning Digitalized scanning of the sheet in translucent mode on a specialized scanner |
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4.10 | DIVE | Other reproduction techniques | |
4.11* | IDNR | Access number and / or location of the reproduction | |
5 | Classification of types of watermark | ||
5.1 | General Recording of the type classification of a watermark (see 3.1.3 and 3.1.4) must be carried out accor-ding to a code, to avoid misunderstandings or translation difficulties with verbal descriptions (see 3.1.5) as follows: - the main mark determines the allocation to the main class; - additional marks and variations are recorded in a subclass; - parts of a whole (e.g. 'head', 'bust', 'fruit') as well as particularities of position and heraldry are to be coded with suffixes and additional numbers (see appendix I, addendum 1) In practice, searching for 10 to 12 watermarks similar to a given specimen of a collection is possible in a very few seconds, based only on the watermark measurements and the main watermark type classification code. The definite comparison has in the following to be made visually, but presents no difficulties. The code key given in the appendix uses the proven classification according to motif keywords as used in the works by Briquet, K.Th. and W.Weiss, Piccard and others. However, it differentiates between the categories consequently according to the presentation of the watermark and not accor-ding to a form or meaning, and avoids all terms which are not object-related. Formal differences within a category are recorded as subclasses (3.1.3), if necessary with further subdivisions (3.1.4). Further differences have to be recorded in full (3.1.5) or completely coded (see Appendix I, adden-dum1; optional) and with a reproduction (see 4.2ss.) in every case. The following index is deliberately open and can therefore be supplemented at any time. Suggestions for additions should be made to IPH which will publish supplemented indexes periodically. Addendum 1 to Appendix I explains a complete code which makes it possible to describe even com-posite watermarks; examples are given. |
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5.2 | A B C D E F G H J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z |
List of the main classes Human figures; men; parts of the human body Women Mammals Birds Fish, reptiles, insects, molluscs Mythical figures Plants (general); flowers; grass Trees; shrubs; creepers Sky, earth, water Buildings, parts of buildings Transport, vehicles Defence and arms Tools, equipment, clothing Musical instruments Containers Miscellaneous objects Insignia of rank, sceptre, mace, jewellery Religious or magic symbols and signs Heraldry, coats of arms, mason's marks, trademarks Geometric figures Numbers, numerals Individual letters Monograms, abbreviations with letters Names (in full) Unclassifiable watermarks |
Label | Meaning | Subcodes | Section |
---|---|---|---|
ARTS ASHC ASPR ASPV AUTH BEKK BIBL BRAN CHFI* CLAS CMOD COAT COLO CONT DATB* DATE* DATM* DIMH* DIMW* DIVE DREV* DYES FABR* FILL FNAM FULL* FUNC GRAD IDEN* IDNR* IMAK IMIL INFO INST* INTS KIND* LLIN* LOCP LOCU* MACH MAKE MESH* MESW* MILL MOTI* MOUL NATP NATU* ORIG* PAIR PHOS PHOT POSB POSC* POSH POSL* POSP POSR PRNT PUBL PULP RADI RANK> REFE RUBB SCAN SDEG SHAD SIDE* SIGN* SIZE STAN STAT* STRU* SUBS* SURF THIC TITL TONE TRAC TYPE* USEP UVPH WEIG WIRE WMOD WRIT ZAAA ZDMN ZDMX ZHHH ZPSD ZPSL ZPSR ZPSU ZNUM ZWWW ZZNU ZZZZ |
artist ash content aspect of surface, recto, in full aspect of surface, verso, in full author/editor smoothness reference to bibliography brand name order of compartments in the sheet (chain line comp'ts class of watermark (coded) type of coating coating colour of the sheet content, in full earliest possible date of use latest possible date of use kind of datation height of the sheet width of the sheet other reproduction technique date of entry or revision dyestuffs production mode fillers first name(s) of papermaker complete description of watermark, in full paper kind (general, according to intended end use) paper grade entry (access) number access number / location of reproduction access number of papermaker in a sub-database access number of papermill in a sub-database additional information on watermark whereabouts of the original colour intensity kinds of watermark(s) laid lines in the sheet place of origin place of use type of paper machine family name of papermaker height of watermark width of watermark name of papermill watermark motif (main code) access number of the mould in a sub-database country of origin country of use original information on pair of moulds phosphorence technique transparency photograph distance of the watermark from bottom of the sheet nR. of the compartment with furthest left end of wm. distance of watermark from the top of the sheet distance of watermark from left chain line position of watermark in the sheet distance of watermark from right chain line printer publisher type of fibres used in the pulp radiography rank of papermaker literature reference rubbing scanning degree of sizing shadows position of the wire side identification of the original sheet type of sizing standard dimension state of the sheet structure of watermark sub-signature (additional to SIGN) digitalized non-contact thickness measuring thickness of the sheet title shade tracing type of paper end use of paper UV-photography weight of paper special wire characteristics mechanical watermark application technique writer medium angle of zigzag oblique line minimal depth of zigzag impression maximal depth of zigzag impression medium height of zigzag element distance of zigzag column from bottom of sheet distance of zigzag column from left border of sheet distance of zigzag column from right border of sheet distance of zigzag column from top of the sheet number of zigzag columns medium width of zigzag column number of zigzag elements in column from top zigzag mark(s) existing |
art engr A D S C M N R S V idat ndat tdat H M art dec dr graph min oth pr sec spec st wr D F L BO C nCRN DV M N CY FO OT N Y C D L M R U BETA ELEC SX F M O T FS HS NS BS IS MS NS SD SN SU F T U EMB LW LSW MOL SW TL UNT B L T U W back book doc draw end env map ms mus obj oth pa paint plain shif spir subs tec wrap CL DR EMB IMP OTH Y N | 3.3.2 3.0.25 3.6.1 3.6.2 3.3.1 3.0.26 3.0.5 3.0.30 3.2.4 3.1.4 sect. 5 appendix I 3.0.23 3.0.22 3.0.13 3.3.12 3.3.9 3.3.10 3.3.11 3.0.10 3.0.11 4.10 3.0.1 3.0.24 3.2.1 3.0.19 3.5.2 3.1.5 3.0.7 3.0.29 3.0.0 4.11 3.5.4 3.4.4 3.1.13 3.0.2 3.0.14 3.1.0 3.2.3 3.4.2 3.3.6 3.0.31 3.5.1 3.1.6 3.1.7 3.4.3 3.1.3; appendix I 3.2.7 3.4.1 3.3.5 4.1 3.2.8 4.6 4.3 3.1.10 3.1.12 3.1.11 3.1.18 3.1.2 3.1.9 3.3.8 3.3.7 3.0.18 4.7 4.7.2 4.7.2 4.7.3 4.7.1 3.5.3 3.O.6 4.4 4.9 3.0.21 3.2.5 3.0.17 3.0.3 3.0.20 3.0.12 3.0.9 3.1.1 3.0.4 4.8 3.1.28 3.3.4 3.0.15 4.2 3.2.2 3.0.8 4.5 3.0.27 3.2.6 3.0.32 3.3.3 3.6.9 3.6.10 3.6.11 3.6.7 3.6.12 3.6.14 3.6.13 3.6.15 3.6.5 3.6.8 3.6.6 3.6.4 |
Addendum 1: The alphanumerical code
The alphanumerical code comprises:
I the main class in the form of a capital letter, directly followed
by the subclass in Arabic numerals and a slash (to separate)
II any further subclassifications in the form of Arabic numerals and
a slash (to separate).
III information on additional figures or accessory marks and their
position with respect to the main watermark coded as follows:
DESCRIPTIVE CODES
code sign meaning
Example
/
subclass
L4/1 = rowing boat
" "
beginning and end of literally quoted letters or numbers
"Crossen" = surname Crossen
[ ]
subordinate (= with)
D5/1 [R3/1] = eagle with crown
-
coordinate (= and)
D5/1 [R3/1-R7] = eagle with crown and sceptre
=
equal (= synonymous)
Crow's foot = Griffin's claw
(n*) n
times (multiplication)
(3* (U1)) = three circles
(x:)
crossing
(2* (x:M14)) = two crossing swords
(i:)
italics
(g:)
gothic
vertical
®
horizontal
CONNEXIONS
{c:}
overlaid
D5/1 {c: "JANSON"} = eagle, with the surname "Janson" overlaid
{t: }
at the top; above
{b: } at
the bottom; below
{r: }
at the right
{l: }
at the left
{p, q, s, u + numeral:} see below s.v. affixes
<f >
within an edging / cartouche
<w>
within a wreath
<t: >
on a table / base
<d: >
with a decoration (edgings)
<e: >
with decorating corners
AFFIXES
p Parts of the body
q position
s Heraldry
(man; animal)
p01 leg
q0. = lateral
s0. = undivided
p02 foot
q01 lat.upright
s01 coat of arms without escutcheon
p03 arm
q02 lat.walking
s02 oval escutcheon
p04 wing
q03 lat.sitting
s03 esc. U-shaped
p05 hand/paw
q04 lat.lying
s04 esc. inflected
p06 claw
q1. = facing
s1.= horiz.divided
p07 trunk
q11 = fac.upright etc.
s11 = coat of arms without escutcheon,
p08 protoma, bust
horiz.divided etc.
p09 heart
s2. = vertically divided
p10 head
s22 oval esc., vertically divided
p11 hair
s3. = diagonally divided
p12 antlers
s33 U-shaped escutcheon, vertic.divided
p13 tooth
s4. = divided into four parts
p14 tail
s5. = other division
u parts of plant
u01 root
u02 stem/rod
u03 stalk
u04 branch
u05 leaf
u06 flower
u07 fruit, crop
A EXAMPLE OF A SIMPLE WATERMARK
Description in full (according to 3.1.5):
below a crown, capital italics CLK
Completely coded description (according to 3.1.4 and appendix I):
R3/1 - {b: (i: X "CLK" ) }
Crown and below italics abbrev. CLK
B EXAMPLE OF A COMPLEX WATERMARK
Description in full (according to 3.1.5):
Eagle, crowned, overlaid with italic capitals FWR, holding sceptre
and sword in the
left claw, an orb in the right claw, at the top the name "G W Loeschge",
at the
bottom "in Ansbach"
Completely coded description (according to 3.1.4 and appendix I):
D5/1 [ R3/1 - {c: (i: X "FWR") -
Eagle with crown and overlaid with italics abrev. FWR and
C1: p06 [ R7 - M14 - {r: p06 [
left claw with sceptre and sword and right claw with
R4 - {t: ® Y "G W L0ESCHGE" - {b:
Orb and top horizontal name G W LOESCHGE and bottom
® Y "IN ANSBACH" } ]
horizontal name IN ANSBACH
Appendix II: Recommendations for Structuring a Watermark Database-Convention for Data Exchange
II, 1: Establishing and structuring a watermark database
The following criteria have to be considered when establishing a new
watermark database and choo-sing software:
1 Relational structure of the database with unlimited number of files
open at the same time
2 Unlimited length of data sets and database
3 Fields permitting insertion of flowing text of unlimited length
4 Unrestricted copying of fields during input
5 SQL compatible retrieving language
6 Menu-driven user surface
7 Adaptability of all segments (file and field structures, menus, screens,
access authorization, data import and export, layout etc.) by integrated
programming language
8 Input possibilities for special characters (especially non sorting
signs, description signs, jokers)
9 Calculable fields for dates (all centuries)
10 Interactive duplication and reference control during input
11 Programmable plausibility control
12 Query by example.
The database should contain at least five main masterfiles and two stock
masterfiles.
Main:
- Sheet parameter file
- Watermark parameter file
- Mould parameter file (mould data compiled per conclusion from sheet
parameters)
- Mould file (data of original moulds preserved in a collection)
- Codicological / bibliographical file
- (optional) Marbled (decorated) paper file
Stock:
- Papermaker masterfile
- Papermill masterfile
- Other masterfiles (e.g. of printers, publishers, artists) (optional)
This structure is based upon the fact that one sheet forms the smallest unit to be described. All data describing one individual sheet are stored in the sheet parameter file. In part, these data are identical for several sheets, i. e. for all sheets formed by the same mould. These data are stored only once in the mould parameter file, and all data sets belonging to one mould in the sheet parameter file will contain the same reference to the one data set in the mould parameter file. Every sheet may bear a different number of watermarks of which each individual description may be of interest. These de-scriptions are stored in the watermark parameter file. References in the sheet parameter file connect these descriptions with the paper sheet data set.
Bibliographical and codicological data are identical for all sheets
or parts of sheets originating from the same copybook or book. So there
will be only one data set for each book stored in the biblio-graphical
and codicological file. References in the sheet parameter file connect
it with the relevant sheet data sets.
The data of the papermill producing sheets are identical for a large
number of sheets, i. e. all sheets produced by the same mill. Each papermill
is registered only once and references in the mould para-meter file connect
it with the moulds used in this mill. The same applies to the individual
papermaker of which only one data set exists in the papermaker masterfile.
If one papermaker worked in more than one mill, references to the papermaker
masterfile will connect it in the papermill masterfile.
Other special masterfiles, e.g. for printers, publishers, artists,
will be connected in the same way.
This structure is necessary for installing the databases with
reference possibilities as mentioned abo-ve. Only this structure permits
minimal redundancies and (at least for the era of hand papermakers) the
accurate reproduction of the relations between papermaker, papermill, mould,
sheet and end user's product.
II.2.: Convention for data exchange
As basic rules, the following conventions for data exchange are fixed:
II,2.1 The machine readable data consist only of signs forming the
enlarged ASCII character set
II,2.2 The data have to be structured according to the data set technique
as follows:
=======================================================================
Starting sign for data set I
INST; separator; Ent; separator; field name 1; separator; content field
1; end of line
INST; separator; Ent; separator; field name 2; separator; content field
2; end of line
..................
INST; separator; Ent; separator; field name n; separator; content field
n; end of line
Starting sign for data set II
INST; separator; Ent; separator; field name 1; separator; content field
1; end of line
INST; separator; Ent; separator; field name 2; separator; content field
2; end of line
...................
INST; separator; Ent; separator; field name n; separator; content field
n; end of line
etc.
======================================================================
This structure offers the advantage that a complete data set need not
be exchanged in every case, but that only some relevant fields can be transmitted
without leaving the proper identification.
II,2.3 As field names the fixed CODE abbreviations have to be used
(cf. sect. 3)
II,2.4 As field contents, the fixed SUBCODE abbreviations have to be
used (cf. sect. 3); free text may be used in the language of the user.
II,2.5 All fields marked * in the IPH standard have to be registered
with first priority.
II,2.6 All data not derived from the sheets own description but by
quotations from existing descripti-ons or by exchange from another database
have to be marked by the sign # at the
end of the field.
Addendum 2: International Automobile Code
Afghanistan AFG
Albania ALB
Alderney GBA
Algeria DZ
Andorra AND
Antilles (Netherlands) NA
Argentina RA
Australia AUS
Austria A
Azerbaijan AZ
Bahamas BS
Bahrain BRN
Barbados BDS
Belgium B
Belize BH
Benin DY
Bhutan BTN
Bolivia BOL
Bosnia/Herzegovina BiH
Botswana RB
Brazil BR
British Guyana BRG
Brunei BRU
Bulgaria BG
Burkina Faso BF
Burundi BI
Cabo Verde CV
Cambodia K
Cameroon CMR
Canada CDN
Central African Republic RCA
Chad TCD
Chile RCH
China (Beijing) VRC
China (Taiwan) RC
Columbia CO
Comores CO
Congo RCB
Costa Rica CR
Cuba C
Cyprus CY
Czechia CZ
Denmark DK
Djibouti DJI
Dominica (Island) WD
Dominican Republic DOM
Ecuador EC
Egypt ET
El Salvador ES
Eritrea ER
Estonia EW
Ethiopia ETH
Fidji FJI
Finland SF
France F
Gabun GAB
Gambia WAG
Georgia GE
Germany D
Ghana GH
Gibraltar GBZ
Great Britain GB
Greece GR
Grenada WG
Guatemala GCA
Guernsey GBG
Guinea GN
Guinea-Bissau GNB
Guyana GUY
Haiti RH
Honduras HN
Hong Kong HK
Hungary H
Iceland IS
India IND
Indonesia RI
Iran IR
Iraq IRQ
Ireland IRL
Israel IL
Italy I
Ivory Coast CI
Jamaica JA
Japan J
Jersey GBJ
Jordan JOR
Kazahstan KAZ
Kenya EAK
Kirghizistan KGZ
Kiribati KIR
Korea (North) DVRK
Korea (South) ROK
Kuwait KWT
Laos LAO
Latvia LV
Lebanon RL
Lesotho LS
Liberia LBR
Libya LBY
Liechtenstein FL
Lithuania LT
Luxembourg L
Macedonia MK
Madagascar RM
Malawi MW
Malaysia MAL
Maledives MV
Mali RMM
Malta M
Man GBM
Marshall Islands MH
Mauretania RIM
Mauritius MS
Mexico MEX
Micronesia FSM
Moldavia MD
Monaco MC
Mongolia MNG
Morocco MA
Mozambique MOC
Myanmar (Burma) MYA
Namibia SWA
Nauru NRU
Nepal NEP
Netherlands NL
New Zealand NZ
Newfoundland NF
Nicaragua NIC
Niger RN
Nigeria WAN
Norway N
Oman OM
Pakistan PAK
Palau PAL
Panama PA
Papua-New Guinea PNG
Paraguay PY
Peru PE
Philippines RP
Poland PL
Portugal P
Qatar Q
Romania RO
Russia RUS
Rwanda RWA
Sahara DARS
Saint Lucia WL
Saint Vincent WV
Samoa (West) WS
San Marino RSM
São Tomé STP
Sarawak SK
Saudi Arabia SA
Senegal SN
Seychelles SY
Sierra Leone WAL
Singapore SGP
Slovakia SK
Solomon Islands SLB
Somalia SP
South Africa ZA
Spain E
Sri Lanka (Ceylon) CL
St.Kitts and Nevis KN
St.Lucia WL
St.Vincent/Grenada WV
Sudan SUD
Suriname SME
Swaziland SD
Sweden S
Switzerland CH
Syria SYR
Tadjikistan TD
Tanzania EAT
Thailand THA
Togo RT
Tonga TO
Trinidad/Tobago TT
Tunisia TN
Turkey TR
Turkmenistan TMN
Tuvalu TUV
Uganda EAU
United States USA
Uruguay ROU
Vatican City V
Venezuela YV
Vietnam VN
White Russia (Belorussia) BY
Yemen YE
Yugoslavia YU
Zaire (Democratic Republic of Congo) CGO
Zambia Z
Zanzibar EAZ
Zimbabwe RSR
IPH Classification of Watermarks
Click <IPH Watermark Classification>. A full version of this table
sorted alphabetically according to the class and sub-class denominations
in English, German, French and Spanish is included in the printed four-language
version of the IPH Standard, which may be ordered by mail to the Secretary
of IPH
links